Fishing in the Backcountry of the Florida Keys

June 29, 2023December 16, 2023
Fishing

The natural beauty and thrilling adventure of backcountry fishing in the Florida Keys offers a fishing experience like no other. The Keys are located between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico and provide a unique ecosystem teeming with a diverse range of fish species. Backcountry waters are characterized by their shallow depths, lush seagrass beds, and mazes of countless mangrove islands, channels and flats. The tranquility of these quiet, unspoiled waters allows novice and experienced anglers the excitement of acrobatic leaps of the tarpon and the delight that you feel seeing the elusive bonefish’s ghost-like presence. Each cast promises a chance at a memorable catch. The thrill and anticipation of what might be lurking under the next mangrove root makes backcountry fishing in the Florida Keys an experience like no other.

Whether you’re drawn by the challenge of mastering new fishing techniques, the allure of landing a trophy fish, or simply the peace of immersing yourself in a breathtaking natural environment, backcountry fishing in the Florida Keys is an adventure that captivates and rewards in equal measure. So grab your fishing gear and prepare to embark on an unforgettable journey into the heart of the Florida Keys’ aquatic wilderness.

The Fish of the Backcountry

Tarpon

The Florida Keys backcountry is home to a wide variety of fish species, each offering a unique angling experience. Here are some of the most sought-after species you can expect to find

Description and Habitat: Tarpon are large fish that can grow up to 8 feet long and weigh over 200 pounds. Their most distinguishing characteristics are their bright, silver scales and large, upward-facing mouth. Tarpon are found in both saltwater and freshwater environments and are particularly drawn to the warm, shallow waters of the Florida Keys.
In the Keys, tarpon are commonly found in channels, passes, and around bridges where currents converge, bringing a bounty of baitfish. They also frequent mangrove-lined shores and flats, offering exciting sight-fishing opportunities.
Fishing Techniques: Tarpon fishing requires patience, skill, and heavy-duty tackle due to the fish's size and strength. Techniques can vary depending on location and conditions, but some of the most effective methods include live bait fishing, fly fishing, and artificial lure fishing. Live bait such as crabs, mullet, or pinfish is often used when fishing deeper channels or passes. For fly fishing or sight casting on the flats, it's crucial to present the fly or lure accurately and without spooking the fish.

Bonefish

Bonefish, often referred to as the “Grey Ghost of the Flats,” are another popular fish that lure anglers to the Florida Keys. Known for their speed and fighting prowess, bonefish provide an exhilarating challenge on light tackle. The best months to catch bonefish are typically March through October.

Description and Habitat: Bonefish are sleek, torpedo-shaped fish that can grow up to 35 inches long and weigh over 15 pounds. They're characterized by their silvery-grey scales, forked tail, and conical snout. Their coloration allows them to blend perfectly with the sandy bottoms and seagrass beds they frequent. The shallow, clear waters of the Florida Keys offer ideal conditions for bonefish. They're usually found in flats, mangrove areas, and around coral reefs, where they feed on shrimp, crabs, and small fish.
Fishing Techniques: Fishing for bonefish in the Keys is typically done by sight casting on the flats. This involves spotting the fish in the shallow water and casting a bait, fly, or lure directly into their path. It requires stealth, precision, and patience, as bonefish are known for their wariness and keen eyesight.
Fly fishing is particularly popular for bonefish due to the challenge and skill involved. However, using live bait such as shrimp or crabs can also be effective, especially for less experienced anglers

Permit

Permit are another highly prized game fish in the Florida Keys. Known for their strength and speed, they’re often considered one of the most challenging species to catch on a fly, forming the third part of the revered Florida Keys flats fishing “Grand Slam,” along with tarpon and bonefish. The peak season runs from March to November.

Description and Habitat Permit are easily recognizable by their elongated bodies, forked tails, and long, sickle-shaped dorsal fins. They're silver-gray with a yellowish belly and can grow up to 48 inches long and weigh over 50 pounds. In the Florida Keys, permit are typically found in shallow flats, channels, and reef areas. They feed primarily on crabs, but also eat shrimp and small fish.
Fishing Techniques Fly fishing is a popular method for targeting permit, but it requires a high level of skill and patience. These fish are notoriously wary and will spook at the slightest disturbance. Casting a well-presented crab pattern fly or using live crabs as bait can be highly effective. Sight casting is the preferred method, making stealth and accuracy crucial.

Redfish

Redfish, also known as Red Drum, are a popular target for anglers in the Florida Keys. Known for their distinct spot or spots near the tail and their coppery bronze color, redfish offer a fantastic fight and are great fun to catch. They are available year-round.

Description and Habitat: Redfish can grow quite large, with some specimens reaching up to 60 inches long and weighing over 50 pounds. They're characterized by their reddish-bronze color, sloping forehead, and distinctive spot or spots near the base of their tail.

Redfish are found in a variety of habitats in the Florida Keys, from shallow grass flats and mangrove-lined shores to deeper channels and basins. They feed primarily on crabs, shrimp, and small fish.
Fishing Techniques Fishing for redfish often involves sight casting in shallow water, similar to bonefish and permit. Fly fishing is popular, but spinning tackle with live or artificial bait can also be highly effective. Key baits include shrimp, crabs, and various soft plastic lures.

Stealth is crucial when approaching redfish, as they can be quite easily spooked. A well-placed cast in front of a cruising or feeding redfish can result in an exhilarating fight.

Snook

Snook are another top target for anglers in the Florida Keys. Known for their fierce fighting ability and acrobatic jumps, snook offer a thrilling challenge that keeps fishermen coming back for more. The best fishing typically occurs from late spring to early fall.

Description and Habitat: Snook are distinctive fish with a sloping forehead, protruding lower jaw, and a prominent black lateral line running from head to tail. They can grow up to 48 inches long and weigh as much as 38 pounds. Their color varies from golden yellow to bright silver.

In the Florida Keys, snook are typically found around mangrove shorelines, sea walls, bridges, and other structures. They are ambush predators, so they prefer areas with strong currents where they can hide and wait for prey, which includes shrimp, crabs, and small fish.
Fishing Techniques: Casting live bait or artificial lures around structures is a popular method for targeting snook. Fly fishing can also be effective, particularly with patterns that mimic baitfish or shrimp.

Stealth is crucial when approaching snook, as they can be pretty skittish. A well-placed cast near a hiding spot can provoke an aggressive strike, leading to an exciting fight as snook are known for their strength and high-speed runs.

Speckled Trout

Speckled Trout, also known as Spotted Seatrout, are a favorite among anglers in the Florida Keys. Known for their aggressive strikes and scrappy fight, they offer a fun and rewarding fishing experience.

Description and Habitat: Speckled Trout are silver-gray with a distinctive pattern of black spots across their back and fins. They have a streamlined body, a pointed snout, and two large canine teeth at the tip of the upper jaw. They can grow up to 39 inches long and weigh up to 17 pounds.

In the Florida Keys, Speckled Trout are typically found in seagrass beds, salt marshes, and shallow flats. They feed primarily on shrimp, small crabs, and baitfish.
Fishing Techniques: Live bait such as shrimp or pinfish is often used when targeting Speckled Trout, but artificial lures and flies can also be effective. Topwater plugs and soft plastic baits that mimic shrimp or baitfish are popular choices.

Sight casting in shallow water is common, but Speckled Trout can also be targeted by drifting or trolling in deeper water. They are known for their aggressive strikes, making for an exciting fishing experience.

Other Species

The Florida Keys offer a diverse range of angling opportunities, with a wide variety of species to target. From high-speed predators like Barracuda and Jack Crevalle to the mighty Black Drum, cunning Mangrove Snapper, and formidable sharks, there’s something for every angler.

Barracuda: Barracuda are known for their speed, aggression, and razor-sharp teeth. They're often found around reefs and wrecks where they ambush prey. Their explosive strikes and fast runs make them an exciting target for anglers.
Jack Crevalle: Jack Crevalle are powerful fighters that can challenge even the most experienced anglers. They're often found in schools, chasing baitfish on the surface, which can lead to some thrilling topwater action. They're not prized for their table fare but are sought after for their hard fights.
Mangrove Snapper: Mangrove Snapper are one of the tastiest species in the Keys. They're found around structures like mangroves, docks, and bridges and are known for their cunning and quick bites. Light tackle and small baits or lures are typically used to catch these crafty fish.
Sharks: The Florida Keys are home to a variety of shark species, including Bull Sharks, Lemon, Blacktip Sharks, and Nurse Sharks. Shark fishing can be a thrilling experience, offering a chance to catch a huge and powerful fish. It's important to handle these creatures with respect and care, and most shark fishing in the Keys is catch and release.

Each species requires different techniques and strategies, making backcountry fishing in the Florida Keys a diverse and exciting experience for any angler.

Seasons and Weather Conditions

Backcountry fishing in the Florida Keys can be enjoyed year-round thanks to its subtropical climate and rich biodiversity. However, certain times of the year are particularly excellent for targeting specific species. Here’s a general guide:

Seasons

Winter (December - February): Winter months are great for targeting species like redfish, black drum, and speckled trout. Also, cooler temperatures attract large schools of Spanish mackerel and various types of sharks into the backcountry waters.
Spring (March - May): Spring is known as the prime time for tarpon, as they start their migration through the Keys. Bonefish and permit also begin to show up in more significant numbers, making it an excellent time for fly fishing.
Summer (June - August): The summer heat doesn't slow down the fishing action. Tarpon are still plentiful, especially in early summer. Snook fishing can also be excellent during these months.
Fall (September - November): Fall is a transitional period where you'll find a mix of species. It's an excellent time to target bonefish and permit. Redfish and snook can also be caught in good numbers.

Weather

Temperature: Fish are ectothermic, meaning their body temperature is influenced by the surrounding environment. Extreme heat or cold can impact fish feeding patterns. Optimal fishing often occurs during moderate temperatures.
Barometric Pressure: Changes in barometric pressure can influence fish activity. Generally, a steady or rising barometer is associated with good fishing, while rapidly falling pressure, often linked to an approaching storm, can decrease fish activity.
Wind: Wind direction and speed can affect water conditions and fish behavior. A light breeze can help disguise noise and movement, making fish less wary. However, high winds can make casting difficult and stir up sediments, reducing visibility in the water.
Rain: Light rain can be beneficial for fishing as it breaks up the surface water, making fish less spooked by anglers or boats. However, heavy rain can dramatically change water conditions, potentially lowering salinity levels and making navigation more challenging.
Tides: While not strictly a weather condition, tides significantly impact fishing in the Florida Keys. Many species feed more actively during moving tides and understanding tidal movements can help you locate fish more effectively.
Sunlight: Bright, sunny days can make fish more visible, especially in the clear waters of the backcountry. However, strong sunlight can also make fish skittish. Overcast days can sometimes lead to better fishing conditions as fish feel more secure and venture out to feed.

Remember, safety should always be your top priority. Always check the weather forecast before heading out, and be prepared to adjust your plans if necessary. Hiring a local guide can provide up-to-date information and increase your chances of a successful outing.

What You Need to Know and Bring to Have a Successful Day

Fishing in the Florida Keys backcountry requires a mix of different techniques and equipment, depending on the species you’re targeting and the conditions on the day. Here are some of the most commonly used methods and gear:

Fly Fishing

This technique is often used for bonefish, permit, and tarpon. It involves using a lightweight lure and a specialized fly rod and reel. Fly fishing requires precision and patience, but it can be incredibly rewarding.

Equipment needed

Light Tackle Spinning Gear

This is a versatile method suitable for a wide range of species. It involves casting a bait or lure using a spinning reel and rod.

Equipment needed

Live Bait Fishing

This technique involves using live bait to attract fish. Common live baits in the Keys include shrimp, crabs, and small fish like pilchards or pinfish.

Equipment needed

Artificial Lures

Using artificial lures can be an effective way to catch a variety of species. The key is to mimic the behavior of the fish’s natural prey.

Equipment needed

Kayak or Paddleboard Fishing

This is a fun and eco-friendly way to explore the backcountry. It allows you to access shallow areas that larger boats can’t reach.

Equipment needed

Remember, whatever technique and equipment you choose, ensure it is suitable for the species you’re targeting and always follow local regulations and best catch-and-release practices.

The Right Guide is Key to Success

Choosing the right guide or charter service can significantly enhance your backcountry fishing experience in the Florida Keys. Here are some factors to consider when making your selection:

1. Expertise and Experience: Look for a guide with extensive knowledge of the local waters and species. They should be able to teach you effective techniques, help you locate fish, and educate you about the ecosystem.
2. Reputation: Check online reviews and ask for recommendations. A reputable guide will have positive feedback from previous clients.
3. Licenses and Certifications: Ensure the guide is licensed and certified as per local regulations. This ensures they adhere to safety standards and conservation practices.
4. Communication: A good guide should be able to communicate effectively, answering any questions you have and providing clear instructions.
5. Equipment: The guide should provide high-quality fishing gear and safety equipment. If you plan to bring your own gear, they should offer advice on what to bring.
6. Boat: The boat should be well-maintained and suitable for navigating the backcountry waters. It should have safety equipment, a cooler for refreshments, and ample space for fishing.
7. Pricing: Understand what the fee includes (gear, bait, drinks, etc.) and check for any hidden charges. Remember, the cheapest option isn't always the best.
8. Conservation Minded: Look for a guide who practices and promotes sustainable fishing practices, like catch and release.

Remember, a great guide not only puts you on the fish but also provides an enjoyable and educational experience, showing respect for the environment and its inhabitants.

Practicing Conservation is Key For Future Generations of Anglers

Fishing in the Florida Keys backcountry isn’t just about catching fish; it’s also about preserving the health and diversity of the ecosystem for future generations. Here are some key conservation practices and regulations to be aware of:

Catch and Release

In the backcountry waters of the Florida Keys, catch and release fishing is a common practice that helps to ensure the sustainability of diverse fish populations. These sheltered, shallow areas are home to numerous species, providing a unique opportunity for anglers to engage in this conservation-focused approach.

Importance of Catch and Release

Catch and release is crucial for maintaining healthy fish populations and ensuring future generations can enjoy the thrill of sportfishing. It’s particularly important in sensitive environments like the Florida Keys backcountry, home to many juvenile and breeding fish.

Best Practices for Catch and Release

Species like snook, redfish, and tarpon, commonly found in these waters, are primarily catch and release due to their ecological importance and sport value. However, even for species with harvest seasons and bag limits, many anglers choose to release their catches to promote conservation.

Successful catch and release requires careful handling to maximize the survival rate of released fish. Here are some guidelines:

Use Appropriate Gear: Use tackle suited to the size of the fish you're targeting. This allows you to land fish quickly and reduces their exhaustion. Circle hooks are recommended as they generally hook in the corner of the mouth, reducing injury.
Handle with Care: Always wet your hands before handling fish to protect their slime coat, which is crucial for their health. Avoid touching the gills and eyes.
Quick Release: If possible, unhook the fish while it's still in the water. If you must lift the fish, support its weight horizontally to avoid injuring its internal organs.
Revive the Fish: If a fish appears exhausted or disoriented, hold it gently in the water, facing into the current, until it swims away under its own power.

Catch and release in the backcountry of the Florida Keys provides an exhilarating fishing experience and plays a vital role in marine conservation. By practicing ethical angling, we can all contribute to preserving these incredible ecosystems for future generations.

Obey All of the Fishing Practices and Regulations

Fishing in the backcountry waters of the Florida Keys offers a unique and rewarding experience unlike any other. This vast expanse of shallow water flats, mangrove islands, and winding channels is home to a diverse range of species, making it a paradise for anglers. However, with such a delicate and important ecosystem comes a responsibility for those who enjoy its riches. Fishing practices and regulations in this area are designed not just for the safety and fairness of anglers but, more importantly, to ensure the sustainability of fish populations and the overall health of the environment. From gear restrictions to bag and size limits, closed seasons, and designated protected areas, these rules are in place to safeguard the biodiversity and ecological balance of the Florida Keys’ backcountry waters.

Size and Bag Limits

These regulations limit the number and size of fish that can be kept. They help to ensure sustainable populations by protecting juvenile and breeding-age fish. Florida has specific bag and size limits for various fish species to ensure sustainable fishing practices. These regulations are designed to protect fish populations and their habitats and apply to the backcountry waters of the Florida Keys. Here’s a general overview for some common species:

Snook: The slot size limit is 28 to 33 inches total length, with a daily bag limit of one per person during open season (September 1 - December 14 & February 1 - May 31).
Redfish (Red Drum): The slot size limit is 18 to 27 inches total length, with a daily bag limit of one per person.
Speckled Trout (Spotted Seatrout): For the South Region, which includes the Florida Keys, the size limit is 15 to 19 inches total length (may possess one over 19 inches per vessel), with a daily bag limit of four per person.
Tarpon: Catch and release only, unless in pursuit of an IGFA record. One tarpon tag per person per year may be purchased while pursuing a record.
Jack Crevalle: There is currently no minimum size limit or daily bag limit for Jack Crevalle in Florida, including the backcountry waters of the Florida Keys. However, as always, anglers are encouraged to practice catch and release to help conserve the population.
Permit: For the Florida Keys, which is considered the Special Permit Zone, the slot size limit for Permit is 22 to 27 inches fork length, with a daily bag limit of one fish per person and two fish per vessel from April 1 through July 31. Outside of these dates, the daily bag limit is two fish per person and six fish per vessel
Mangrove Snapper: Minimum size limit of 10 inches total length, with a daily bag limit of five per person.
Black Drum: Slot size limit of 14 to 24 inches total length (may keep one over 24 inches), with a daily bag limit of five per person.
Barracuda: Size limit of 15 to 36 inches fork length, with a daily bag limit of two per person or six per vessel, whichever is less.
Sharks: Various species have different regulations, but in general, many are catch-and-release only.

Closed Seasons

Snook: Closed December 15 - January 31 and June 1 - August 31.
Grouper (including Black, Red, Yellowfin, Yellowmouth, Rock Hind, Red Hind, and Scamp): Closed January 1 - April 30 in the Atlantic region (which includes Monroe County and the Florida Keys).
Spotted Seatrout (Speckled Trout):There is a regional closure in South Florida (which includes the Florida Keys) from November 1 - December 31.
Permit: Inside the Special Permit Zone (which includes all state and federal waters south of Cape Florida in the Atlantic and south of Cape Sable in the Gulf), Permit is not allowed to be harvested from May 1 - July 31.
Tarpon: Catch and release only in state and federal waters unless pursuing an International Game Fish Association record.

Gear Restrictions

The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) has specific gear restrictions to ensure the sustainability of fish populations and minimize harm to the environment. Here are some general gear restrictions you should be aware of when fishing in the backcountry waters of the Florida Keys:

Hooks: When fishing for reef species, circle hooks are required. They reduce the chance of gut-hooking a fish, which increases their survival rate upon release.
Spearing: Spearing is prohibited in many areas throughout the Keys, particularly in state parks and certain marine sanctuaries. Always check local regulations.
Netting: The use of certain types of nets, including gill and trammel nets, is prohibited in Florida's inshore waters.
Chumming: In the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, chumming is not allowed when fishing for any species in the following areas: Sanctuary Preservation Areas, Ecological Reserves, and Special-use Research Only Areas.
Tarpon: If targeting tarpon, a tarpon tag is required for harvest when pursuing an IGFA record. All tarpon must remain in the water if over 40 inches when measured from the tip of the snout to the fork of the tail.

These are just some of the gear restrictions in place. The FWC regularly updates these regulations, so it's essential to check the current guidelines before going fishing. Also, remember that some areas may have additional rules or restrictions, so always respect local regulations.
Protected Areas: Some areas may be off-limits to fishing to protect sensitive habitats or endangered species. Always check local regulations before you go.
Report Violations: If you see illegal activity, report it to local authorities. This helps enforce regulations and protect fish populations.

By following these practices and regulations, you’re not only ensuring a great fishing experience for yourself but also helping to preserve the wonderful aquatic resources of the Florida Keys for future generations.

Some Tips to Make Your Charter the Best It Can Be

Even when using a chartered guide service for your backcountry fishing trip in the Florida Keys, it’s essential to be prepared and consider safety. Here are some tips:

Communicate with Your Guide: Before your trip, discuss your expectations, any medical conditions or physical limitations, and what gear or provisions you need to bring.
Pack Essentials: Bring sunscreen, sunglasses, a hat, and light, breathable clothing for sun protection. Depending on the time of year, you might also need a rain jacket or warmer clothes. Remember to pack plenty of water and snacks.
Safety Equipment: Ensure the charter service provides necessary safety equipment like life jackets and first aid kits. If you're bringing children, check if they have appropriately sized life jackets.
Check the Weather: While your guide should monitor the weather, it's a good idea to check it yourself too. Be prepared to reschedule if conditions look dangerous.
.Understand the Plan: Make sure you understand your guide's plan for the day, including where you'll be going and what species you'll be targeting.
Listen to Your Guide: Your guide is an expert in local conditions and species behavior. Listen carefully to their instructions, especially regarding safety and handling fish.
Respect Conservation Practices: Follow all catch and release practices and respect size and bag limits. Your guide should explain these, but it's good to familiarize yourself with them beforehand.
Stay Hydrated and Nourished: It can be easy to forget to eat and drink during the excitement of fishing, but staying hydrated and nourished is crucial, especially in the Florida heat.
Know Emergency Procedures: Ask your guide about their emergency procedures. Knowing what to do in an emergency can make a big difference.

Remember, the key to a successful fishing trip is preparation, respect for the environment, and safety consciousness. Enjoy your adventure!

Be Prepared for Epic, Exciting Fishing in the Backcountry of the Keys

Backcountry fishing in the Florida Keys offers an unmatched experience for anglers, with a diverse range of species to target and stunning natural surroundings. Whether you’re fly fishing for bonefish, casting for tarpon, or exploring the shallow waters on a kayak, the thrill of the catch, combined with the serenity of the environment, makes for a truly memorable adventure.
Choosing the right guide or charter service is crucial to maximizing your experience. Look for one with extensive local knowledge, good communication skills, and a strong commitment to safety and conservation.

Remember, preparation is crucial. Check the weather, pack appropriately, know your limits, and familiarize yourself with local regulations. Always prioritize safety and respect for the environment.

By following these tips, you’ll not only have a fantastic fishing experience but also contribute to preserving the unique and beautiful ecosystem of the Florida Keys for future generations. Happy Fishing!

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Fishing in the Backcountry of the Florida Keys